Showing posts with label Kanji. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Kanji. Show all posts

Tuesday, April 8, 2008

Typing in Japanese


Copying and pasting Kana characters can only get you too far on your computer. Pretty soon, you're going to need to learn how to type Japanese characters. The good thing is, you don't need a Japanese keyboard to type Japanese in Windows.

CosCom has instructions on how to activate MS-IME, which is a Japanese input software, a standard accessory for Windows XP and Vista. Trust me, it's a piece of cake.

Sunday, March 23, 2008

Kanji Pict-o-Graphix


One of the toughest parts of learning Japanese is memorizing the thousands of Kanji characters necessary to read and write Japanese. So I'm always open to any techniques that might make things easier for me. Kanji Pict-o-Graphix is a great book that helps me remember what the Kanji characters mean by associating them with various mnemonics. It might not work for everyone, but it's worth taking a shot at.


Sunday, March 9, 2008

Hug (Japanese version) by 東方神起: English translation

Here's my English translation of Hug by 東方神起. It's my very own translation; I phrased each line so that it would still match the music (so that you can still sing it), but I tried to stick to the original structure of the Japanese lyrics as much as possible.

It's not final yet, since I'm still revising some lines. :-)

I wanna let you know how I feel about you, oohh baby
But somehow I can't get the courage to say it to you, cannot say a word

I don't know how, can't explain
I can't say it out loud, can't proclaim
Cause it seems like everything's gonna fade away, wow wow

I'm right here with wide open arms
I'm right here entirely for you
Take you in my arms, never let you go
Can't tell you how much I want to

Despite everything that I do
I'm still missing, longing for you
And when I'm with you, I just start to shake
Can't tell you what's in my heart
I love you

If I just wait around, love won't come to me, oh baby
I feel like I'm gonna lose you if I don't do a thing, must show you my love

Right now I feel so anxious
Can you even tell that I'm nervous?
What is your heart feeling, can you let me know? Wow wow

I'm right here with wide open arms
For you and your innocent smile
Wrap you in my arms, never let you go
Can't tell you how much I want to
Always and forever baby
From within your beautiful eyes
Make them shine for me, so that I will be
Born again just because
I love you

In my arms, in my soul
I wanna hold you baby
I know my heart is not lying, really baby
My feelings overflow, I'm drowning in my love
Forever and a day

I'm right here with wide open arms
I'm right here entirely for you
Take you in my arms, never let you go
Can't tell you how much I want to
Don't want us to ever part
Won't let anyone take you from me
Now I realize, I can't let you go
And whisper because baby,
I love you

Here's the original Japanese lyrics of Hug by 東方神起:

この想いを伝えたいのに Ooo baby
なぜか素直に声に出せない、いえないよ

なんとなくだけど
言葉にすることで
なにもかも消えてしまいそうで Wow wow

両手を広げて
キミのそのすべてを
この腕で受けとめて
抱きしめたいんだ

でもまだぼくには
なにかが足りなくて
頼りなく揺れている
いえない想いは
I love
you

愛はきっと移ろうもので Ooo baby
待たせてばかりいたら 必ずなくすから

焦るこの気持ち
気づいてるのかな?
その胸はなにを思ってるの Wow wow

両手を広げて
むじゃきなその笑顔
この腕に包み込み
抱きしめたいんだ
いつも、いつまでも
その瞳の中で
輝いていれるように
生まれ変わるから
I love you

In my arms
In my soul
抱きしめたいんだ
いつわりのないこの心で
あふれていくキミへの想い
止まらない

両手を広げて
キミのそのすべてを
この腕で受けとめて
抱きしめたいんだ
決して離さない
誰にも渡さない
気がつけば抱きよせて
囁いてたんだ

Saturday, March 8, 2008

Translating Hug by 東方神起: Part 9

Here are the last two verses of Hug by 東方神起. After I translate these, I'll look over my translation of the whole song again to make sure that everything goes well together.

This next verse is exactly the same with the one from part 5.

両手を広げて

  • 両手 (りょうて) - (with) both hands
  • 広げて - to widen; to broaden (広 - ひる)

キミのそのすべてを

  • キミ - you
  • その - that; those; the
  • すべて - entirely; whole

この腕で受けとめて

  • この - this; the
  • 腕で - arm (腕 - うで)
  • 受けとめて - take; reaction; catch (受 - う)

抱きしめたいんだ

  • 抱きしめたいんだ - I want to hug you (抱 - だ)

Literal translation for this verse would be:

I'll widen both hands
For the whole of you
I'll take you in my arms
I want to hug you

After polishing it up a bit here's my version:

I'm right here with wide open arms
Right here entirely for you
Take you in my arms, never let you go
Can't tell you how much I want to

Next up is the very last verse!

決して離さない

  • 決して (けって) - never; by no means
  • 離さない (はなさない) - to part; divide; separate

誰にも渡さない

  • 誰にも (だれにも) - cannot... anybody
  • 渡さない (わたさない) - to hand over

気がつけば抱きよせて

  • 気がつけば (きがつけば) - become aware of; realize
  • 抱きよせて (だきよせて) - embrace

囁いてたんだ, I love you

  • 囁いて (ささやいて) - to whisper; to murmur
  • たんだ - tender

I have a correction to that last line... It's actually...

囁いて + いた + のだ
short-te form + past tense + reason

I'm modifying my translation below and my final translation. Thanks to Kyoufu for helping me with this one.

Whew! Most of these words aren't in dictionaries and I had a terribly hard time translating them. I hope I got them all right. Anyway, here's the translation...

We will never part
I cannot hand you over to anybody
I realize and hug you
I whispered because, I love you

So, my version for that would be...

Don't want us to ever part
Won't let anyone take you from me
Now I realize, I won't let you go
And whisper because baby, I love you

Whoohoo! That's the last one! :-) Yay, I just finished translating my first song. In my next entry, I'll post my whole translation, and maybe change things around a bit.

Wednesday, March 5, 2008

Translating Hug by 東方神起: Part 8

I've got just a few more verses to go. :-) Here's the next verse of Hug by 東方神起...

いつも、いつまでも

  • いつも - always
  • いつまでも - forever

その瞳の中で

  • その - that; those; the
  • 瞳 (ひとみ) - eye
  • 中 (なか) - inside

輝いていれるように

  • 輝いて (かがやく) - to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
  • いれる - make; turn on; include; insert
  • ように - in order to

生まれ変わるから I love you

  • 生まれ変わる (うまれ かわる) - to be born again; to have a fresh start in life
  • から - because

Based from those definitions here's the translation that makes most sense...

Always, forever
Inside those eyes
Make them shine so that
I will be born again because I love you

My version for this verse would be...

Always and forever baby
Within your beautiful eyes
Make them shine for me, so that I will be
Born again just because, I love you

Here's the next verse...

In my arms, In my soul

抱きしめたいんだ

  • 抱きしめたいんだ - I want to hug you (抱 - だ)

いつわりのないこの心で

  • いつわり - lie; falsehood
  • ない - do not have
  • この - this; the
  • 心 (こころ) - heart; mind; spirit

あふれていくキミへの想い

  • あふれていく - overflowing
  • キミ - you
  • 想い - feelings; affection (想 - おも)

止まらない

  • 止まらない - does not stop

I'm kinda getting the hang of this. So based on these, the translation would be...

In my arms, in my soul
I want to hug you
My heart is not lying
It is overflowing with feelings for you
It does not stop

Now here's my personal version...

In my arms, in my soul
I wanna hold you baby
I know my heart is not lying, really baby
My feelings overflow, I'm drowning in my love
Forever and a day

I'm kinda sad that I'm almost done. But at least I can start a new song after this one.

Tuesday, March 4, 2008

Translating Hug by 東方神起: Part 7

Here's part 7 of my translation of Hug by 東方神起. Why am I taking so long? Basically it's because I've just started to learn Japanese last week. Months (or years) from now I hope translating something like this won't even take 30 minutes. Then again that's just wishful thinking. Let's start...

焦るこの気持ち

  • 焦る (あせる) - in a hurry; impatient
  • この - this; the
  • 気持ち (きもち) - feeling; sensation; mood

気づいてるのかな

  • 気づいてる (きづいてる) - be concious of
  • かな - (question particle)

その胸はなにを思ってるの Wow wow

  • その - that; those; the
  • 胸 (むれ) - chest
  • なにを - what
  • 思ってる (おもってる) - think; feel

So the translation would be the following:

This feeling of being impatient
Can you notice it?
What is your heart feeling?

I changed the words around to make it sound a bit better. Here's my translation...

Right now I'm so anxious
Can you tell the difference?
What is your heart feeling, can you let me know?


Next up...

両手を広げて

  • 両手 (りょうて) - (with) both hands
  • 広げて - to widen; to broaden (広 - ひる)

むじゃきなその笑顔

  • むじゃきな - innocent
  • その - that; those; the
  • 笑顔 (えがお) - smiling face

この腕に包み込み

  • この - this; the
  • 腕 (うで) - arm; ability; talent
  • 包み込み (つつみこみ) - to wrap up

抱きしめたいんだ

  • 抱きしめたいんだ - I want to hug you (抱 - だ)

Given those definitions the translation would be...

I'll widen both hands
For that innocent smiling face
Wrap you up in my arms
I want to hug you

My translated version of this verse would be the following...

I'm right here with wide open arms
For you and your innocent smile
Wrap you in my arms, never let you go
Can't tell you how much I want to

This one's a bit similar to this other verse, so it was easier to translate. Anyway, that's it for now. 'Till next time... じゃあまたあした!

Grammar: ~です and ~じゃありません

"~ desu (~です)" is equivalent to English "am," "are," or "is." Unlike English, it doesn't change its form according to the subject. "~ desu" always comes at the end of a sentence.

私は学生です (Watashi wa gakusei desu.) - I am a student.
こちらは山田さんです (Kochira wa Yamada-san desu.) - This is Ms. Yamada.
私達は友達です (Watashitachi wa tomodachi desu.) - We are friends.


When it is obvious to the other person what the topic is, it is generally omitted.

(私は)ひろ子です [(Watashi wa) Hiroko desu.] - I am Hiroko.
(私は)学生です [(Watashi wa) gakusei desu. ] - I am a student.


The negative form of "~ desu (~です)" is "~ ja arimasen (~じゃありません)" or "~ dewa arimasen (ではありません)." "~ dewa arimasen" is more formal, and "~ ja arimasen" is common in casual conversation.

学生ではありません (Gakusei dewa arimasen.) - I am not a student.
日本人じゃありません (Nihon-jin ja arimasen.) - I am not Japanese.


Source
About.com

Sunday, March 2, 2008

Translating Hug by 東方神起: Part 6

I can do this... Here are the next lines up for translation...

愛はきっと移ろうもので Ooo baby

  • 愛 (あい) - love

  • きっと - no doubt

  • 移ろう - to move (移 - うつ)

  • もの - object; thing

  • で - in; at; on

    待たせてばかりいたら 必ずなくすから

    • 待たせ - to wait

    • ばかり - approximately; only; just

    • いたら - being

    • 必ず (かならず) - certainly

    • なくす - to lose someone

    • から - because

    So that would translate to...

    Love is a thing that no doubt will move
    Losing someone because of just waiting is a certainty

    So to match it up to the beat I'll change it to...

    If I just wait around love won't come to me, Ooo baby
    I feel like I'm gonna lose if I don't do a thing, must show you my love

    The English translations end up to be so much shorter than the original Japanese lyrics that I have to elaborate a lot to match it to the music. But I'm not done yet. I still have around halfway to go. Bye bye for now. :-)

    Saturday, March 1, 2008

    Translating Hug by 東方神起: Part 5

    I can't believe how long this is taking me. I guess it's because I'm attempting to translate a song in a language I'm not even close to being good at. Anyway, I'm going to try to translate more lines today. Here's the next verse of Hug by: 東方神起.

    両手を広げて

    • 両手 (りょうて) - (with) both hands
    • 広げて - to widen; to broaden (広 - ひる)


    キミのそのすべてを

    • キミ - you
    • その - that; those; the
    • すべて - entirely; whole

    この腕で受けとめて

    • この - this; the
    • 腕で - arm (腕 - うで)
    • 受けとめて - take; reaction; catch (受 - う)

    抱きしめたいんだ

    • 抱きしめたいんだ - I want to hug you (抱 - だ)

    Literal translation for this verse would be:

    I'll widen both hands
    For the whole of you
    I'll take you in my arms
    I want to hug you

    After polishing it up a bit here's my version:

    I'm right here with wide open arms
    Right here entirely for you
    Take you in my arms, never let you go
    Can't tell you how much I want to

    I'm not totally happy with the second line of this verse but my creative juices are all squeezed out. That'll have to do for now. On to the next verse...

    でもまだぼくには

    • でも - but
    • まだ - still
    • ぼくには - for me

    なにかが足りなくて

    • なにか - something
    • 足りなくて - missin; lacking (足 - た)

    頼りなく揺れている

    • 頼りなく continuing - (頼 - たよ)
    • 揺れて - to shake; to sway (揺 - ゆ)
    • いる - be present; have

    いえない想いは, I love you

    • いえない - cannot say
    • 想い - feelings; affection (想 - おも)

    So literally, that would mean...

    But still for me
    Something is missing
    I continue to shake
    Cannot say my feelings
    I love you

    My version for this verse would be...

    Despite everything that I do
    I'm still missing, longing for you
    But when I'm with you, I just start to shake
    Can't tell you what's in my heart
    I love you

    Whoa, that like went to a totally different direction. Hmmm, I'll see if I can some up with something better later but I'll keep this translation for now. I'm just too obsessed with keeping the rythym consistent with the Japanese lyrics. Oh well.

    Friday, February 29, 2008

    Translating Hug by 東方神起: Part 4

    I'm back from work and back to translating this song (Hug by: 東方神起). So far, I've managed to translated the first two lines (line 1, line 2). I hope this time I can do a whole lot more. So here are the 3rd, 4th and 5th line...

    なんとなくだけど

    • なんとなく - just because (unable to explain specifically)
    • だけど - but; however

    言葉にすることで

    • 言葉に - to put into words (言葉 - ことば)
    • るこ - to try
    • ことで - thing

    なにもかも消えてしまいそうで Wow wow

    • なにもかも - anything and everything
    • 消えて - disappear (消 - き)
    • しまい - end
    • そうで - because it seems

    Literal translation (based from the definitions above) would be...

    But I can't explain this
    Or try to put this thing into words
    Because it seems everything will disappear and end

    So, my personal translation for this verse would be...

    I don't know how, can't explain
    I can't say it out loud, can't proclaim
    'Cause it seems like everything's gonna fade away

    Whew, that last line was tough, since I'm not a songwriter after all. But, I'm having a lot of fun! I've got a long way to go before I finish translating the entire song, but at least I'm going to have a lot of fun during the process.

    Source
    Jim Breen's WWWJDIC Server

    Thursday, February 28, 2008

    Translating Hug by 東方神起: Part 3

    I'm going to squeeze in translating this second line of Hug by 東方神起 (Tohoshinki) before I go off to work...

    なぜか素直に声に出せない、いえないよ

    • なぜか - somehow
    • 素直 (すなお) - obedient; meek; docile; unaffected
    • に - to
    • 声 (こえ) - voice
    • 出せない - cannot (出 - で)
    • いえないよ - cannot say

    It took me awhile to figure out 出せない (dasenai) and いえないよ (ienaiyo) since the online dictionaries didn't have them on. I had to scour Google and figure out the meaning from their context in sentences. Despite that I'm not even 100% sure yet that my translation is correct.

    But anyway here goes... literal translation would be "Somehow meek, I cannot voice, I cannot say." What a load of jiberish! But from the context of the first line, I could reword this line to this... "But somehow I can't get the courage to say it to you, cannot say a word."

    Of course when I get the whole song down, I'll tweak things here and there, just to make the translation perfect. じゃあまたあした!

    Source
    Jim Breen's WWWJDIC Server
    Google

    Translating Hug by 東方神起: Part 2

    Ok here's the very first line of the song Hug by 東方神起 (Tohoshinki).

    この想いを伝えたいのに Ooo baby

    With the help of Jim Breen's WWWJDIC Server and my Berlitz Japanese Compact Dictionary, I've managed to work out these translations for the first line...

    • この - this/these
    • 想い - feelings; affection (想 - おも)
    • を - (particle)
    • 伝えたい - wanting to show feelings (伝 - つた)
    • の - (posessive)
    • に - to

    Taking into consideration that in the Japanese language, "I" and "you" are understood based from the context, I figured out that the literal translation should be "I want to show you these feelings of mine." But, if I follow this translation, the syllable count would be totally off compared its Japanese counterpart. Since this is a song, I'm giving myself a bit of artistic licence.

    Here's my translation for the first line: "I wanna let you know how I feel about you."

    That's it for now, I'll continue this over the weekend. じゃあまたあした!

    Source
    Jim Breen's WWWJDIC Server

    Translating Hug by 東方神起: Part 1

    Ok, enough lessons for now. It's time for some leisurely practice. I'll try to translate this song in the coming days. I just hope I don't totally butcher the translation. After all, this is no easy feat. What's going to give me trouble I think, is that there are no spaces between words. Figuring out the words would be trial and error, I guess. Oh well, wish me luck!

    Hug (by 東方神起)

    この想いを伝えたいのに Ooo baby
    なぜか素直に声に出せない、いえないよ

    なんとなくだけど
    言葉にすることで
    なにもかも消えてしまいそうで Wow wow

    両手を広げて
    キミのそのすべてを
    この腕で受けとめて
    抱きしめたいんだ

    でもまだぼくには
    なにかが足りなくて
    頼りなく揺れている
    いえない想いは
    I love you

    愛はきっと移ろうもので Ooo baby
    待たせてばかりいたら 必ずなくすから

    焦るこの気持ち
    気づいてるのかな?
    その胸はなにを思ってるの Wow wow

    両手を広げて
    むじゃきなその笑顔
    この腕に包み込み
    抱きしめたいんだ
    いつも、いつまでも
    その瞳の中で
    輝いていれるように
    生まれ変わるから
    I love you

    In my arms
    In my soul
    抱きしめたいんだ
    いつわりのないこの心で
    あふれていくキミへの想い
    止まらない

    両手を広げて
    キミのそのすべてを
    この腕で受けとめて
    抱きしめたいんだ
    決して離さない
    誰にも渡さない
    気がつけば抱きよせて
    囁いてたんだ
    I love you


    Source
    Jpop Asia

    Tuesday, February 26, 2008

    Kanji express meaning, NOT sounds

    The following is from the About.com: Japanese Language site. This site is a great resource for newbies studying Japanese. The concepts are explained in a way that is very easy to understand.

    To understand the concept of kanji, it is important to keep in mind this rule: Kanji express meaning, NOT sounds. Kanji take the form of outlines; the meaning is understood from its form. To illustrate, here are some kanji characters:


    'temple'
    じ (on reading)
    てら (kun reading)


    'village'
    そん (on reading)
    むら (kun reading)


    'cherry blossom'
    おう (on reading)
    さから (kun reading)



    'to learn'
    がく (on reading)
    まな (kun reading)



    Source
    About.com

    Monday, February 25, 2008

    Kanji Numbers (4-10)

    Based on the first three numbers in my last post, the on and kun reading gets kinda confusing at times. I'm not sure when I'm supposed to use one or the other. I hope things get clearer in the future. Anyway, here are the rest of the numbers.

    Number 4
    (kanji)
    し (on reading)
    よっ(つ) (kun reading)

    Useful compounds:

    • 四角 (しかく) shikaku - square

    • 四月 (しがつ) shigatsu - April

    • 四季 (しき) shiki - four seasons

    • 四時 (よじ) yoji - four o'clock


      Number 5
      (kanji)
      ご (on reading)
      いつ(つ) (kun reading)

      Useful compounds:

      • 五十 (ごじゅう) gojuu - 50

      • 五階 (ごかい) gokai - fifth floor

      • 五月 (ごがつ) gogatsu -May

      • 五日 (いつか) itsuka - 5 days, 5th day of the month


      Number 6
      (kanji)
      ろく (on reading)
      むっ(つ), むい (kun reading)

      Useful compounds:

      • 六時 (ろくじ) rokuji - six o'clock

      • 六月 (ろくがつ) rokugatsu - June

      • 六日 (むいか) muika - 6 days, 6th day of the month


      Number 7
      (kanji)
      しち (on reading)
      なな (kun reading)

      Useful compounds:

      • 七月 (しちがつ) shichigatsu - July

      • 十七日 (じゅうしちにち) juushichinichi - 17 days, 17th day of the month

      • 七百 (ななひゃく) nanahyaku - 700


      Number 8
      (kanji)
      はち (on reading)
      やっ (つ), よう (un reading)

      Useful compounds:

      • 八十 (はちじゅう) hachijuu - 80

      • 八日 (ようか) youka - 8 days, 8th day of the month


      Number 9
      (kanji)
      きゅう, く (on reading)
      ここの(つ) (kun reading)

      Useful compounds:

      • 九十 (きゅうじゅう) kyuujuu - 90

      • 九回 (きゅうかい) kyuukai - nine times

      • 九月 (くがつ) kugatsu - September

      • 九日 (ここのか) kokonoka - 9 days, 9th day of the month


      Number 10
      (kanji)
      じゅう (on reading)
      とお (kun reading)

      Useful compounds:

      • 十時 (じゅうじ) juuji - ten o'clock

      • 十日 (とおか) tooka - 10 days, 10th day of the month


      Source
      About.com

      Sunday, February 24, 2008

      Kanji Numbers (1-3)

      Let's start with the most basic kanji characters: numbers.

      Number 1
      (kanji)
      いち (on reading)
      ひと(つ) (kun reading)

      Useful compounds:

      • 一月 (いちがつ) ichigatsu - January

      • 一度 (いちど) ichido - one time

      • 一人 (ひとり) hitori - one person


      Number 2
      (kanji)
      に (on reading)
      ふた(つ) (kun reading)

      Useful compounds:

      • ニ十 (にじゅう) nijuu - 20

      • ニ月 (にがつ) nigatsu - February

      • ニ人 (ふたり) futari - two people


      Number 3
      (kanji)
      さん (on reading)
      みっ(つ) (kun reading)

      Useful compounds:

      • 三角 (さんかく) sankaku - triangle

      • 三脚 (さんきゃく) sankyaku - tripod

      • 三日 (みっか) mikka - 3 days; 3rd of the month


      So far, so good. The first three numbers are a piece of cake. Who can forget 一, ニ and 三? Anyway, I'll continue with the rest of the numbers (until 10) tomorrow. じゃあまたね

      Source
      About.com

      Japanese Writing System Part 3: Kanji

      Now that I'm confident with reading and writing hiragana and katakana (I'm not that good with katakana yet but I'm working on it), it's time to learn Kanji. I've been dreading this moment, mainly because kanji seems so complicated, but there's no better time than right now.

      What is Kanji?
      Kanji (漢字, literally "characters from Han China") are Chinese characters used in Japanese. However, while some kanji and Chinese characters are mutually readable, many more are not. In addition to characters that have different meanings in Japanese, and characters that have identical meanings but are written differently, there are also characters peculiar to Japanese known as kokuji (国字; literally "national characters"). Kokuji are also known as wasei kanji (和製漢字; literally "Chinese characters made in Japan"). There are hundreds of kokuji, and although some are rarely used, many others have become important additions to the written Japanese language. These include:

      • tōge (mountain pass)

      • sakaki (sakaki tree, genus Camellia)

      • hatake (field of crops)

      • tsuji (crossroads, street)

      • dō, hatara(ku) (work)

        In addition to kokuji, there are kanji that have been given meanings in Japanese different than their original Chinese meanings. These kanji are not considered kokuji but are instead called kokkun (国訓) and include characters such as:

        • oki (offing, offshore)

        • mori (forest)

        • 椿 tsubaki (Camellia japonicus)

          The same kanji character can sometimes be written in two different ways, 旧字体 (kyū-jitai; lit. "old character") and 新字体 (shin-jitai; "new character"). The following are some examples of kyū-jitai followed by the corresponding shin-jitai:

          • 國 国 kuni (country)

          • 號 号 (number)

          • 變 変 hen, ka(waru) (change)

          Kyū-jitai were used before the end of World War II, but after the war the government introduced the simplified shin-jitai. Some of the new characters are similar to simplified characters used in the People's Republic of China, but the two are essentially different things.

          There are also Chinese characters that are only used phonetically in Japanese (当て字 ateji), and many Chinese characters that are not used in Japanese at all.

          Readings
          A kanji character may have several (in rare cases ten or more) possible pronunciations, depending on its context, intended meaning, use in compounds, and location in the sentence. These pronunciations, or readings, are typically categorized as either onyomi or kunyomi (often abbreviated on and kun).

          Onyomi
          The onyomi (音読み) of a kanji (also called its on reading or Chinese reading) is based on the Japanese approximation of the original Chinese pronunciation of the character at the time it was introduced. Some kanji were reintroduced from different parts of China at different times, and so have multiple onyomi (and often multiple meanings as well). Contrariwise, wasei kanji typically have no onyomi at all.

          Onyomi are phonologically characterized by their tendency toward single-syllable readings, since each character expressed a single Chinese syllable. However, tonality aside, most Chinese syllables did not fit the largely consonant-vowel syllables of Japanese. Thus most onyomi are composed of two moras (syllables or beats), the second of which is either a lengthening of the vowel in the first mora or one of the syllables ku, ki, tsu, chi, or syllabic n, chosen for their approximation to the final consonants of Middle Chinese.

          Onyomi primarily occur in multi-kanji compound words (熟語 jukugo), many of which are the result of the adoption (along with the kanji themselves) of Chinese words for concepts that either didn't exist in Japanese or could not be articulated as elegantly using native words.

          Kunyomi
          The kunyomi (訓読み) of a kanji (also called its kun reading, Japanese reading, or somewhat misleadingly its native reading) is a reading based on the pronunciation of a native Japanese word, or yamatokotoba, that closely approximated the meaning of the Chinese character when it was introduced. Again, there can be multiple kun readings for the same kanji, and some kanji have no kunyomi at all.

          For instance, the kanji for east, 東, has the on reading . However, Japanese already had a word for east, pronounced higashi (or sometimes azuma). Thus, the kanji character 東 had the latter pronunciations grafted onto it as kunyomi. However, the kanji 寸, denoting a Chinese unit of measurement (slightly over an inch), had no native Japanese equivalent; thus it has only its onyomi, sun.

          Kunyomi are characterized by the strict (consonant)vowel syllable structure common to yamatokotoba, passingly similar to that of the nearby Polynesian languages. Most noun or adjective kunyomi are two to three syllables long, while verb kunyomi are more often one or two syllables in length (not counting trailing hiragana called okurigana, although those are usually considered part of the reading).

          Other readings
          Some kanji also have lesser-known readings called nanori, which are mostly used for people's names, and are generally closely related to the kunyomi. Place names sometimes also use nanori (or, occasionally, unique readings not found elsewhere).

          Gikun (義訓) are readings of kanji combinations that have no direct correspondence to the characters' individual onyomi or kunyomi, but are instead connected by the meaning of the written and spoken phrases. For example, the compound 一寸 might be read issun, meaning "one sun", but it is more often used to write the indivisible word chotto, "a little". Gikun also feature in some Japanese family names.

          Many ateji (kanji used only for their phonetic value) have meanings derived from their usage: for example, the now-archaic 亜細亜 ajia was formerly used to write "Asia" in kanji; the character 亜 now means Asia in such compounds as 東亜 tōa, "East Asia". From the written 亜米利加 amerika, the second character was taken, resulting in the semi-formal coinage 米国 beikoku, literally "rice country" but meaning "United States of America".

          When to use which reading
          The division between onyomi and kunyomi can seem arbitrary and unnecessarily difficult to the learner of Japanese. Words for similar concepts, such as east (東), north (北) and northeast (東北), can have completely different pronunciations: the kun readings higashi and kita are used for the first two, while the on reading tōhoku is used for the third. However, the situation is actually no less coherent than the similar mixture of pronunciations in English which resulted from similar borrowings from other languages.

          To complicate the matter, there are two basic guidelines for determining the pronunciation of a particular kanji in a given context. First, and most simply, kanji occurring in compounds are almost always read using onyomi. These sorts of words are sometimes called jukugo (熟語). For example, 情報 jōhō "information", 半月 hangetsu "half-moon", and 革命家 kakumeika "[a] revolutionary" all follow this pattern.

          Secondly, kanji occurring in isolation -- that is, written adjacent only to kana, not to other kanji -- are typically read using their kunyomi. Together with their okurigana, if any, they generally function either as a noun or as an inflected adjective or verb: e.g. 月 tsuki "moon", 情け nasake "sympathy", 赤い akai "red", 建てる tateru "to build". The rare kanji compounds that also have okurigana, such as 空揚げ karaage "fried" and 名無し nanashi "nameless", also fall into this category.

          There are numerous exceptions to both rules. 赤金 akakane "copper", 日傘 higasa "parasol", and the famous 神風 kamikaze "divine wind" all use kunyomi despite being simple kanji compounds. Fortunately, most exceptions to the second rule are simple nouns: 愛 ai "love", 禅 Zen, 点 ten "mark, dot".

          The situation is further complicated by the fact that many kanji have more than one onyomi: witness 説明 setsumei "explanation" versus 灯明 tōmyō "light offered to a god".

          There are even kanji compounds that use a mixture of onyomi and kunyomi, known as jūbako (重箱) words. The word jūbako itself is an example: the first character is read using onyomi, the second kunyomi. Other examples include 金色 kiniro "golden" (on-kun) and 影法師 kagebōshi "silhouette" (kun-on-on).

          Some famous place names, including those of Tokyo (東京 Tōkyō) and Japan itself (日本 Nihon or rarely Nippon) are read with onyomi. However, by far the vast majority of Japanese place names are read with kunyomi (e.g. 大阪 Ōsaka, 青森 Aomori, 箱根 Hakone). Family names are also usually read with kunyomi (e.g., 山田 Yamada, 田中 Tanaka, 鈴木 Suzuki). Personal names, although they are not typically considered jūbako, often contain mixtures of kunyomi, onyomi, and nanori, and are generally only readable with some experience (e.g., 大助 Daisuke [on-kun], 夏美 Natsumi [kun-on]).

          Pronunciation assistance
          Because of the ambiguities involved, kanji will often have their pronunciation for the given context spelled out in ruby characters known as furigana (small kana written above the character) or kumimoji (those printed to the side). This is especially true in texts for children or foreign learners and manga (comics). It is also used in newspapers for rare or unusual readings and for characters not included in the officially recognized set of essential kanji.

          Whew, now I'm really scared (and excited at the same time)! That was just an introduction to kanji. In future posts, I'll be learning each individual character and it's meaning. There are 1945 characters the Japanese government recommends as a guideline for the Japanese press and for the general writing of Japanese by both native and non-native speakers. I can hardly wait.

          Source
          Japan Reference